A loudspeaker consists of several essential parts that work together to convert electrical signals into audible sound waves. The main parts of a typical loudspeaker include:
- Diaphragm (Speaker Cone): The diaphragm, also known as the speaker cone, is a flexible, typically cone-shaped membrane made of lightweight materials like paper, plastic, or metal. It is the primary component responsible for creating sound waves. When the diaphragm vibrates in response to electrical signals, it pushes and pulls the air around it, producing sound.
- Voice Coil: The voice coil is a coil of wire attached to the diaphragm at its base. When an electrical current flows through the voice coil, it becomes magnetized, creating a magnetic field. This magnetization causes the voice coil to be either attracted to or repelled from a fixed permanent magnet, causing the diaphragm to move back and forth and create sound waves.
- Magnet: The magnet is a fixed, permanent magnet positioned behind the voice coil. Its magnetic field interacts with the voice coil's magnetic field, causing the voice coil to move in response to the changing electrical signals, and thus, driving the movement of the diaphragm.
A speaker, also referred to as a loudspeaker, functions as a remarkable transducer, exemplifying the conversion of energy from one form to another. (millersound)
- Suspension System (Spider and Surround): The suspension system provides the necessary flexibility for the diaphragm to move back and forth while maintaining its proper alignment within the magnetic gap. It typically consists of the spider, a flexible circular structure that supports the voice coil, and the surround, a flexible ring that connects the diaphragm's outer edge to the speaker's frame.
- Frame (Basket): The frame, also known as the basket, is the rigid structure that holds all the components of the loudspeaker together. It provides structural support and ensures that the various parts are properly aligned and positioned.
- Dust Cap: The dust cap is a protective covering placed over the center of the diaphragm to shield it from dust and other particles that could potentially damage the speaker.
- Magnet Gap: The magnet gap is the space between the voice coil and the permanent magnet. When the voice coil moves within this gap due to electrical signals, it interacts with the magnetic field, producing the necessary forces to drive the diaphragm's movement.
- Terminals: The terminals are the connection points on the loudspeaker where electrical wires from an amplifier or audio source are connected to deliver the electrical signals that drive the speaker.
These parts work in harmony to convert electrical signals into physical vibrations and, ultimately, into audible sound waves. By carefully designing and optimizing these components, loudspeaker manufacturers can achieve various frequency responses, sensitivity levels, and sound characteristics to cater to different audio applications and preferences.
References
- Colloms, M. (2018). High performance loudspeakers. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118706275
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